| validity | focus | threats & mitigations of |
|---|
| External | Sampling. The degree to which a study's conclusions can be generalised to the population. | |
| Construct | Measurement. Is the operational setting, or are the measures, in line with the hypothesis construct? | |
| Internal | Design. The degree to which a cause & effect relationship can be discerned between a set of factors and outcome variables | Not applicable |
| Conclusion | Analysis. "... the degree to which conclusions we reach about relationships in our data are reasonable." | |